Table of Contents
Headings in Chapters
See
Preface
for title page, copyright, and short table of contents.
SUBMISSION OF PLANS
1.0 GENERAL
1.1 ENGINEER'S REPORT
1.1.1 General information
1.1.2 Extent of water works system
1.1.3 Justification of project
1.1.4 Soil, groundwater conditions, and foundation problems
1.1.5 Water use data
1.1.6 Flow requirements
1.1.7 Sources of water supply
1.1.7.1 Surface water sources
1.1.7.2 Groundwater sources
1.1.8 Proposed treatment processes
1.1.9 Sewerage system available
1.1.10 Waste disposal
1.1.11 Automation
1.1.12 Project sites
1.1.13 Financing
1.1.14 Future extensions
1.1.15 Technical, Managerial, and Financial Capacity
1.2 PLANS
1.2.1 General layout
1.2.2 Detailed plans
1.3 SPECIFICATIONS
1.4 DESIGN CRITERIA
1.5 REVISIONS TO APPROVED PLANS
1.6 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REQUIRED
GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
2.0 GENERAL
2.1 DESIGN BASIS
2.2 PLANT LAYOUT
2.3 BUILDING LAYOUT
2.4 LOCATION OF STRUCTURES
2.5 ELECTRICAL CONTROLS
2.6 STANDBY POWER
2.7 SHOP SPACE AND STORAGE
2.8 LABORATORY FACILITIES
2.8.1 Testing equipment
2.8.2 Physical facilities
2.9 MONITORING EQUIPMENT
2.10 SAMPLE TAPS
2.11 FACILITY WATER SUPPLY
2.12 WALL CASTINGS
2.13 METERS
2.14 PIPING COLOR CODE
2.15 DISINFECTION
2.16 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL
2.17 OPERATOR INSTRUCTION
2.18 SAFETY
2.19 SECURITY
2.20 FLOOD PROTECTION
2.21 CHEMICALS AND WATER CONTACT MATERIALS
2.22 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
SOURCE DEVELOPMENT
3.0 GENERAL
3.1 SURFACE WATER
3.1.1 Quantity
3.1.2 Quality
3.1.3 Minimum treatment
3.1.4 Structures
3.1.4.1 Design of intake structures
3.1.4.2 Raw water pumping wells
3.1.4.3 Off-stream raw water storage reservoir
3.1.5 Zebra Mussel Control
3.1.6 Impoundments and reservoirs
3.1.6.1 Site preparation
3.1.6.2 Construction
3.1.6.3 Water Supply Dams
3.1.7 Security
3.2 GROUNDWATER
3.2.1 Quantity
3.2.1.1 Source capacity
3.2.1.2 Number of sources
3.2.1.3 Standby power
3.2.2 Quality
3.2.2.1 Microbiological quality
3.2.2.2 Physical, chemical and radiological characteristics
3.2.3 Location
3.2.3.1 Well location
3.2.3.2 Continued sanitary protection
3.2.3.3 Wellhead protection
3.2.4 General well construction
3.2.4.1 Drilling fluids and additives
3.2.4.2 Minimum protected depths
3.2.4.3 Surface or Temporary steel casing
3.2.4.4 Permanent steel casing pipe
3.2.4.5 Polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC) well casing
3.2.4.6 Other nonferrous casing materials
3.2.4.7 Packers
3.2.4.8 Screens
3.2.4.9 Grouting requirements
3.2.4.10 Upper terminal well construction
3.2.4.11 Development
3.2.4.12 Disinfection of every new, modified or reconditioned groundwater source:
3.2.4.13 Capping requirements
3.2.4.14 Well abandonment
3.2.5 Testing and records
3.2.5.1 Yield and drawdown tests
3.2.5.2 Plumbness and alignment requirements
3.2.5.3 Geological data shall:
3.2.5.4 Retention of records
3.2.6 Aquifer types and construction methods -- Special conditions
3.2.6.1 Sand or gravel wells
3.2.6.2 Gravel Pack Material
3.2.6.3 Radial water collector
3.2.6.4 Infiltration lines
3.2.6.5 Limestone or sandstone wells
3.2.6.6 Naturally flowing wells
3.2.7 Well pumps, discharge piping and appurtenances
3.2.7.1 Line shaft pumps
3.2.7.2 Submersible pumps
3.2.7.3 Discharge piping
3.2.7.4 Pitless well units
3.2.7.5 Pitless Adapters
3.2.7.6 Casing vent
3.2.7.7 Water level measurement
3.2.7.8 Observation wells
3.2.7.9 Liners
Table I - STEEL PIPE
TREATMENT
4.0 GENERAL
4.1 MICROSCREENING
4.1.1 Design
4.2 CLARIFICATION
4.2.1 Presedimentation
4.2.2 Coagulation
4.2.3 Flocculation
4.2.4 Sedimentation
4.2.5 Solids contact unit
4.2.5.1 Installation of equipment
4.2.5.2 Operating equipment
4.2.5.3 Chemical feed
4.2.5.4 Mixing
4.2.5.5 Flocculation
4.2.5.6 Sludge concentrators
4.2.5.7 Sludge removal
4.2.5.8 Cross-connections
4.2.5.9 Detention period
4.2.5.10 Suspended slurry concentrate
4.2.5.11 Water losses
4.2.5.12 Weirs or orifices
4.2.5.13 Upflow rates
4.2.6 Tube or plate settlers
4.2.7 High rate clarification processes
4.3 FILTRATION
4.3.1 Rapid rate gravity filters
4.3.1.1 Pretreatment
4.3.1.2 Rate of filtration
4.3.1.3 Number
4.3.1.4 Structural details and hydraulics
4.3.1.5 Washwater troughs
4.3.1.6 Filter material
4.3.1.7 Filter bottoms and strainer systems
4.3.1.8 Surface wash or subsurface wash
4.3.1.9 Air scouring
4.3.1.10 Appurtenances
4.3.1.11 Backwash
4.3.2 Rapid rate pressure filters
4.3.2.1 General
4.3.2.2 Rate of filtration
4.3.2.3 Details of design
4.3.3 Diatomaceous earth filtration
4.3.3.1 Conditions of use
4.3.3.2 Pilot plant study
4.3.3.3 Types of filters
4.3.3.4 Treated water storage
4.3.3.5 Number of units
4.3.3.6 Pre-coat
4.3.3.7 Body feed
4.3.3.8 Filtration
4.3.3.9 Backwash
4.3.3.10 Appurtenances
4.3.4 Slow sand filters
4.3.4.1 Quality of raw water
4.3.4.2 Number
4.3.4.3 Structural details and hydraulics
4.3.4.4 Rates of filtration
4.3.4.5 Underdrains
4.3.4.6 Filter material
4.3.4.7 Filter gravel
4.3.4.8 Depth of water on filter beds
4.3.4.9 Control appurtenances
4.3.4.10 Ripening
4.3.5 Direct filtration
4.3.5.1 Engineering report
4.3.5.2 Pilot plant studies
4.3.5.3 Pretreatment - Coagulation and flocculation
4.3.5.4 Filtration
4.3.5.5 Appurtenances
4.3.5.6 Siting requirements
4.3.6 Deep bed rapid rate gravity filters
4.3.7 Biologically active filters
4.3.7.1
4.3.7.2
4.4 DISINFECTION
4.4.1 Chlorination equipment
4.4.1.1 Type
4.4.1.2 Capacity
4.4.1.3 Standby equipment
4.4.1.4 Automatic switch-over
4.4.1.5 Automatic proportioning
4.4.1.6 Eductor
4.4.1.7 Injector/diffuser
4.4.2 Contact time and point of application
4.4.3 Residual chlorine
4.4.4 Testing equipment
4.4.5 Chlorinator piping
4.4.5.1 Cross-connection protection
4.4.5.2 Pipe material
4.4.6 Housing
4.4.7 Ozone
4.4.7.1 Design considerations
4.4.7.2 Feed Gas Preparation
4.4.7.3 Ozone Generator
4.4.7.4 Ozone Contactors
4.4.7.5 Ozone Destruction Unit
4.4.7.6 Piping Materials
4.4.7.7 Joints and Connections
4.4.7.8 Instrumentation
4.4.7.9 Alarms
4.4.7.10 Safety
4.4.7.11 Construction Considerations
4.4.8 Chlorine dioxide
4.4.8.1 Chlorine dioxide generators
4.4.8.2 Feed and storage facilities
4.4.8.3 Other design requirements
4.4.8.4 Public notification
4.4.9 Ultraviolet light
4.4.10 Other disinfecting agents
4.5 SOFTENING
4.5.1 Lime or lime-soda process
4.5.1.1 Hydraulics
4.5.1.2 Aeration
4.5.1.3 Chemical feed point
4.5.1.4 Rapid mix
4.5.1.5 Stabilization
4.5.1.6 Sludge collection
4.5.1.7 Sludge disposal
4.5.1.8 Disinfection
4.5.1.9 Plant start-up
4.5.2 Cation exchange process
4.5.2.1 Pre-treatment requirements
4.5.2.2 Design
4.5.2.3 Exchange capacity
4.5.2.4 Depth of resin
4.5.2.5 Flow rates
4.5.2.6 Freeboard
4.5.2.7 Underdrains and supporting gravel
4.5.2.8 Brine distribution
4.5.2.9 Cross-connection control
4.5.2.10 Bypass piping and equipment
4.5.2.11 Additional limitations
4.5.2.12 Sampling taps
4.5.2.13 Brine and salt storage tanks
4.5.2.14 Salt and brine storage capacity
4.5.2.15 Brine pump or eductor
4.5.2.16 Stabilization
4.5.2.17 Waste disposal
4.5.2.18 Construction materials
4.5.2.19 Housing
4.5.3 Water quality test equipment
4.6 ANION EXCHANAGE TREATMENT
4.6.1 Pre-treatment requirements
4.6.2 Design
4.6.3 Exchange capacity
4.6.4 Number of Units
4.6.5 Type of Media
4.6.6 Flow Rates
4.6.7 Freeboard
4.6.8 Miscellaneous Appurtenances
4.6.9 Cross Connection Control
4.6.10 Construction materials
4.6.11 Housing
4.6.12 Preconditioning of the media
4.6.13 Waste Disposal
4.6.14 Water quality test equipment
4.7 AERATION
4.7.1 Natural draft aeration
4.7.2 Forced or induced draft aeration
4.7.3 Spray aeration
4.7.4 Pressure aeration
4.7.5 Packed tower aeration
4.7.5.1 Process design
4.7.5.2 Materials of construction
4.7.5.3 Water flow system
4.7.5.4 Air flow system
4.7.5.5 Other features that shall be provided
4.7.5.6 Environmental factors
4.7.6 Other methods of aeration
4.7.7 Protection of aerators
4.7.8 Disinfection
4.7.9 Bypass
4.7.10 Corrosion control
4.7.11 Quality control
4.7.12 Redundancy
4.8 IRON AND MANGANESE CONTROL
4.8.1 Removal by oxidation, detention and filtration
4.8.1.1 Oxidation
4.8.1.2 Detention
4.8.1.3 Filtration
4.8.2 Removal by the lime-soda softening process
4.8.3 Removal by manganese coated media filtration
4.8.4 Removal by ion exchange
4.8.5 Biological removal
4.8.6 Sequestration by polyphosphates
4.8.7 Sequestration by sodium silicates
4.8.8 Sampling taps
4.8.9 Testing equipment shall be provided for all plants.
4.9 STABILIZATION
4.9.1 Carbon dioxide addition
4.9.2 Acid addition
4.9.3 Phosphates
4.9.4 Split treatment
4.9.5 Alkali feed
4.9.6 Carbon dioxide reduction by aeration
4.9.7 Other treatment
4.9.8 Water unstable due to biochemical action in distribution system
4.9.9 Control
4.10 TASTE AND ODOR CONTROL
4.10.1 Flexibility
4.10.2 Chlorination
4.10.3 Chlorine dioxide
4.10.4 Powdered activated carbon
4.10.5 Granular activated carbon
4.10.6 Copper sulfate and other copper compounds
4.10.7 Aeration
4.10.8 Potassium permanganate
4.10.9 Ozone
4.10.10 Other methods
CHEMICAL APPLICATION
5.0 GENERAL
5.0.1 Plans and specifications
5.0.2 Chemical application
5.0.3 General equipment design
5.0.4 Chemical Information
5.1 FEED EQUIPMENT
5.1.1 Feeder redundancy
5.1.2 Control
5.1.3 Dry chemical feeders
5.1.4 Positive displacement solution feed pumps
5.1.5 Liquid chemical feeders - siphon control
5.1.6 Cross-connection control
5.1.7 Chemical feed equipment location
5.1.8 In-plant water supply
5.1.9 Storage of chemicals
5.1.10 Bulk liquid storage tanks
5.1.11 Day tanks
5.1.12 Feed lines
5.1.13 Handling
5.1.14 Housing
5.2 CHEMICALS
5.2.1 Shipping containers
5.2.2 Specifications
5.2.3 Assay
5.3 OPERATOR SAFETY
5.3.1 Ventilation
5.3.2 Respiratory protection equipment
5.3.3 Chlorine gas leak detection
5.3.4 Other protective equipment
5.4 SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
5.4.1 Chlorine gas
5.4.2 Acids and caustics
5.4.3 Sodium chlorite for chlorine dioxide generation
5.4.4 Sodium hypochlorite
5.4.5 Ammonia
5.4.5.1 Ammonium sulfate
5.4.5.2 Aqua ammonia (ammonium hydroxide)
5.4.5.3 Anhydrous ammonia
5.4.6 Potassium permanganate
5.4.7 Fluoride
5.4.8 Activated Carbon
PUMPING FACILITIES
6.0 GENERAL
6.1 LOCATION
6.1.1 Site protection
6.2 PUMPING STATIONS
6.2.1 Suction well
6.2.2 Equipment servicing
6.2.3 Stairways and ladders
6.2.4 Heating
6.2.5 Ventilation
6.2.6 Dehumidification
6.2.7 Lighting
6.2.8 Sanitary and other conveniences
6.3 PUMPS
6.3.1 Suction lift
6.3.2 Pump Priming
6.4 BOOSTER PUMPS
6.4.1 Duplicate pumps
6.4.2 Metering
6.4.3 Inline booster pumps
6.4.4 Individual residential booster pumps
6.5 AUTOMATIC AND REMOTE CONTROLLED STATIONS
6.6 APPURTENANCES
6.6.1 Valves
6.6.2 Piping
6.6.3 Gauges and meters
6.6.4 Water seals
6.6.5 Controls
6.6.6 Standby power
6.6.7 Water pre-lubrication
6.6.8 Oil or Grease Lubrication
FINISHED WATER STORAGE
7.0 GENERAL
7.0.1 Sizing
7.0.2 Location of reservoirs
7.0.3 Protection from contamination
7.0.4 Protection from trespassers
7.0.5 Drains
7.0.6 Stored Water Age
7.0.7 Overflow
7.0.8 Access
7.0.8.1 Elevated Storage or Dome Roof Structures
7.0.8.2 Ground Level or Flat Roof Structures
7.0.9 Vents
7.0.10 Roof and sidewall
7.0.11 Construction Materials
7.0.12 Safety
7.0.13 Freezing
7.0.14 Internal catwalk
7.0.15 Silt stop
7.0.16 Grading
7.0.17 Painting and/or cathodic protection
7.0.18 Disinfection
7.0.19 Provisions for sampling
7.1 TREATMENT PLANT STORAGE
7.1.1 Filter washwater tanks
7.1.2 Clearwell
7.1.3 Adjacent storage
7.1.4 Other treatment plant storage tanks
7.2 HYDROPNEUMATIC TANK SYSTEMS
7.2.1 Location
7.2.2 System sizing
7.2.3 Piping
7.2.4 Appurtenances
7.3 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM STORAGE
7.3.1 Pressures
7.3.2 Drainage
7.3.3 Level controls
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PIPING AND APPURTENANCES
8.0 GENERAL
8.1 MATERIALS
8.1.1 Standards and materials selection
8.1.2 Permeation by organic compounds
8.1.3 Used materials
8.1.4 Joints
8.2 SYSTEM DESIGN
8.2.1 Pressure
8.2.2 Diameter
8.2.3 Fire protection
8.2.4 Dead ends
8.3 VALVES
8.4 HYDRANTS
8.4.1 Location and spacing
8.4.2 Valves and nozzles
8.4.3 Hydrant leads
8.4.4 Hydrant drainage
8.5 AIR RELIEF VALVES
8.5.1 Air relief valves
8.5.2 Air relief valve piping
8.6 VALVE, METER AND BLOW-OFF CHAMBERS
8.7 INSTALLATION OF WATER MAINS
8.7.1 Standards
8.7.2 Bedding
8.7.3 Cover
8.7.4 Blocking
8.7.5 Anchoring of fusible pipe
8.7.6 Pressure and leakage testing
8.7.7 Disinfection
8.7.8 External corrosion
8.7.9 Separation from other utilities
8.8 SEPARATION DISTANCES FROM CONTAMINATION SOURCES
8.8.1 General
8.8.2 Parallel installation
8.8.3 Crossings
8.8.4 Exception
8.8.5 Force mains
8.8.6 Sewer manholes
8.8.7 Separation of water mains from other sources of contamination
8.9 SURFACE WATER CROSSINGS
8.9.1 Above-water crossings
8.9.2 Underwater crossings
8.10 CROSS-CONNECTIONS AND INTERCONNECTIONS
8.10.1 Cross-connections
8.10.2 Cooling water
8.10.3 Interconnections
8.11 WATER SERVICES AND PLUMBING
8.11.1 Plumbing
8.11.2 Booster pumps
8.12 SERVICE METERS
8.13 WATER LOADING STATIONS
Acceptable Water Loading Station Devices
WASTE RESIDUALS
9.0 GENERAL
9.1 SANITARY WASTE
9.2 BRINE WASTES
9.3 PRECIPITATIVE SOFTENING SLUDGE
9.4 ALUM SLUDGE
9.4.1 Lagoons
9.4.2 Mechanical dewatering
9.4.3 Land application
9.5 "RED WATER" WASTE
9.5.1 Sand filters
9.5.2 Lagoons
9.5.3 Discharge to community sanitary sewer
9.5.4 Discharge to surface water
9.5.5 Recycling "red water" wastes
9.6 WASTE FILTER WASH WATER
9.7 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
9.8 ARSENIC WASTE RESIDUALS