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Research Inc., Health Education Services Division,
P.O. Box 7126, Albany, NY 12224
(518)439-7286 www.hes.org

Table of Contents of the HES version

FOREWORD

viii

POLICY STATEMENT ON PRE-ENGINEERED WATER TREATMENT PLANTS

x

POLICY STATEMENT ON CONTROL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINATION FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

xii

POLICY STATEMENT ON INTERNAL CORROSION CONTROL FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

xiv

POLICY STATEMENT ON TRIHALOMETHANE REMOVAL AND CONTROL FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

xvi

POLICY STATEMENT ON REVERSE OSMOSIS AND NANOFILTRATION FOR PUBIC WATER SUPPLIES

xviii

POLICY STATEMENT ON AUTOMATED/UNATTENDED OPERATION OF SURFACE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS

xx

POLICY STATEMENT ON BAG AND CARTRIDGE FILTERS FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

xxii

POLICY STATEMENT ON CONTROL OF ZEBRA MUSSELS FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

xxv

POLICY STATEMENT ON MICROFILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

xxvii

POLICY STATEMENT ON ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT FOR TREATMENT OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

xxix

POLICY STATEMENT ON INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

xxxii

INTERIM STANDARD - NITRATE REMOVAL USING SULFATE SELECTIVE ANION EXCHANGE RESIN

xxxiv

INTERIM STANDARD - USE OF CHLORAMINE DISINFECTANT FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

xxxvi

PART 1 - SUBMISSION OF PLANS

1.0 GENERAL

1

1.1 ENGINEER=S REPORT

1

1.1.1 General Information

1

1.1.2 Extent of water works system

2

1.1.3 Justification of project

2

1.1.4 Soil, groundwater conditions, and foundation problems

2

1.1.5 Water use data

2

1.1.6 Flow requirements

2

1.1.7 Sources of water supply

3

1.1.8 Proposed treatment processes

4

1.1.9 Sewerage system available

4

1.1.10 Waste disposal

4

1.1.11 Automation

4

1.1.12 Project sites

4

1.1.13 Financing

4

1.1.14 Future extensions

5

1.2 PLANS

5

1.2.1 General layout

5

1.2.2 Detailed plans

5

1.3 SPECIFICATIONS

6

1.4 DESIGN CRITERIA

7

1.5 REVISIONS TO APPROVED PLANS

7

1.6 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION REQUIRED

8

PART 2 - GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

2.0 GENERAL

9

2.1 DESIGN BASIS

9

2.2 PLANT LAYOUT

9

2.3 BUILDING LAYOUT

9

2.4 LOCATION OF STRUCTURES

10

2.5 ELECTRICAL CONTROLS

10

2.6 STANDBY POWER

10

2.7 SHOP SPACE AND STORAGE

10

2.8 LABORATORY FACILITIES

10

2.8.1 Testing equipment

10

2.8.2 Physical facilities

11

2.9 MONITORING EQUIPMENT

11

2.10 SAMPLE TAPS

11

2.11 FACILITY WATER SUPPLY

12

2.12 WALL CASTINGS

12

2.13 METERS

12

2.14 PIPING COLOR CODE

12

2.15 DISINFECTION

13

2.16 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL

13

2.17 OPERATOR INSTRUCTION

13

2.18 SAFETY

13

2.19 SECURITY

13

2.20 FLOOD PROTECTION

14

2.21 CHEMICALS AND WATER CONTACT MATERIALS

14

2.22 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

14

PART 3 - SOURCE DEVELOPMENT

3.0 GENERAL

15

3.1 SURFACE WATER

15

3.1.1 Quantity

15

3.1.2 Quality

15

3.1.3 Minimum treatment

16

3.1.4 Structures

16

3.1.5 Impoundments and reservoirs

17

3.2 GROUNDWATER

18

3.2.1 Quantity

18

3.2.2 Quality

18

3.2.3 Location

19

3.2.4 Testing and records

19

3.2.5 General well construction

21

3.2.6 Aquifer types and construction methods - Special conditions

25

3.2.7 Well pumps, discharge piping and appurtenances

27

PART 4 - TREATMENT

4.0 GENERAL

33

4.1 CLARIFICATION

33

4.1.1 Presedimentation

33

4.1.2 Rapid mix

33

4.1.3 Flocculation

34

4.1.4 Sedimentation

34

4.1.5 Solids contact unit

35

4.1.6 Tube or plate settlers

38

4.1.7 High rate clarification processes

39

4.2 FILTRATION

39

4.2.1 Rapid rate gravity filters

40

4.2.2 Rapid rate pressure filters

46

4.2.3 Diatomaceous earth filtration

47

4.2.4 Slow sand filters

49

4.2.5 Direct filtration

51

4.2.6 Deep bed rapid rate gravity filters

53

4.2.7 Biologically active filters

53

4.3 DISINFECTION

54

4.3.1 Chlorination equipment

54

4.3.2 Contact time and point of application

55

4.3.3 Residual chlorine

56

4.3.4 Testing equipment

56

4.3.5 Chlorinator piping

56

4.3.6 Housing

57

4.3.7 Ozone

57

4.3.8 Chlorine dioxide

64

4.3.9 Ultra violet light

65

4.3.10 Other disinfecting agents

65

4.4 SOFTENING

65

4.4.1 Lime or lime-soda process

65

4.4.2 Cation exchange process

66

4.4.3 Water quality test equipment

69

4.5 AERATION

69

4.5.1 Natural draft aeration

69

4.5.2 Forced or induced draft aeration

70

4.5.3 Spray aeration

70

4.5.4 Pressure aeration

71

4.5.5 Packed tower aeration

71

4.5.6 Other methods of aeration

74

4.5.7 Protection of aerators

74

4.5.8 Disinfection

74

4.5.9 Bypass

74

4.5.10 Corrosion control

74

4.5.11 Quality control

75

4.6 IRON AND MANGANESE CONTROL

75

4.6.1 Removal by oxidation, detention and filtration

75

4.6.2 Removal by the lime-soda softening process

75

4.6.3 Removal by manganese coated media filtration

75

4.6.4 Removal by ion exchange

76

4.6.5 Biological removal

76

4.6.6 Sequestration by polyphosphates

76

4.6.7 Sequestration by sodium silicates

77

4.6.8 Sampling taps

77

4.6.9 Testing equipment shall be provided for all plants

77

4.7 FLUORIDATION

77

4.7.1 Fluoride compound storage

78

4.7.2 Chemical feed equipment and methods

78

4.7.3 Secondary controls

79

4.7.4 Protective equipment

79

4.7.5 Dust control

79

4.7.6 Testing equipment

79

4.8 STABILIZATION

79

4.8.1 Carbon dioxide addition

79

4.8.2 Acid addition

80

4.8.3 Phosphates

80

4.8.4 “Split treatment”

80

4.8.5 Alkali feed

80

4.8.6 Carbon dioxide reduction by aeration

80

4.8.7 Other treatment

80

4.8.8 Water unstable due to biochemical action in distribution system

81

4.8.9 Control

81

4.9 TASTE AND ODOR CONTROL

81

4.9.1 Flexibility

81

4.9.2 Chlorination

81

4.9.3 Chlorine dioxide

81

4.9.4 Powdered activated carbon

81

4.9.5 Granular activated carbon

82

4.9.6 Copper sulfate and other copper compounds

82

4.9.7 Aeration

82

4.9.8 Potassium permanganate

82

4.9.9 Ozone

82

4.9.10 Other methods

82

4.10 MICROSCREENING

83

4.10.1 Design

83

PART 5 - CHEMICAL APPLICATION

5.0 GENERAL

85

5.0.1 Plans and specifications

85

5.0.2 Chemical application

85

5.0.3 General equipment design

85

5.1 FACILITY DESIGN

86

5.1.1 Number of feeders

86

5.1.2 Control

86

5.1.3 Dry chemical feeders

87

5.1.4 Positive displacement solution pumps

87

5.1.5 Liquid chemical feeders - siphon control

87

5.1.6 Cross-connection control

87

5.1.7 Chemical feed equipment location

88

5.1.8 In-plant water supply

88

5.1.9 Storage of chemicals

88

5.1.10 Solution tanks

89

5.1.11 Day tanks

89

5.1.12 Feed lines

90

5.1.13 Handling

90

5.1.14 Housing

90

5.2 CHEMICALS

91

5.2.1 Shipping containers

91

5.2.2 Specifications

91

5.2.3 Assay

91

5.3 OPERATOR SAFETY

91

5.3.1 Ventilation

91

5.3.2 Respiratory protection equipment

91

5.3.3 Chlorine leak detection

91

5.3.4 Protective equipment

91

5.4 SPECIFIC CHEMICALS

92

5.4.1 Chlorine gas

92

5.4.2 Acids and caustics

93

5.4.3 Sodium chlorite for chlorine dioxide generation

93

5.4.4 Sodium hypochlorite

94

5.4.5 Ammonia

95

PART 6 - PUMPING FACILITIES

6.0 GENERAL

97

6.1 LOCATION

97

6.1.1 Site protection

97

6.2 PUMPING STATIONS

97

6.2.1 Suction well

97

6.2.2 Equipment servicing

98

6.2.3 Stairways and ladders

98

6.2.4 Heating

98

6.2.5 Ventilation

98

6.2.6 Dehumidification

98

6.2.7 Lighting

99

6.2.8 Sanitary and other conveniences

99

6.3 PUMPS

99

6.3.1 Suction lift

99

6.3.2 Priming

99

6.4 BOOSTER PUMPS

99

6.4.1 Duplicate pumps

100

6.4.2 Metering

100

6.4.3 Inline booster pumps

100

6.4.4 Individual home booster pumps

100

6.5 AUTOMATIC AND REMOTE CONTROLLED STATIONS

100

6.6 APPURTENANCES

100

6.6.1 Valves

100

6.6.2 Piping

100

6.6.3 Gauges and meters

101

6.6.4 Water seals

101

6.6.5 Controls

101

6.6.6 Standby power

101

6.6.7 Water pre-lubrication

102

PART 7 - FINISHED WATER STORAGE

7.0 GENERAL

103

7.0.1 Sizing

103

7.0.2 Location of reservoirs

103

7.0.3 Protection from contamination

103

7.0.4 Protection from trespassers

103

7.0.5 Drains

104

7.0.6 Stored WaterTurnover

104

7.0.7 Overflow

104

7.0.8 Access

104

7.0.9 Vents

105

7.0.10 Roof and sidewall

105

7.0.11 Construction materials

106

7.0.12 Safety

106

7.0.13 Freezing

106

7.0.14 Internal catwalk

106

7.0.15 Silt stop

106

7.0.16 Grading

106

7.0.17 Painting and/or cathodic protection

107

7.0.18 Disinfection

107

7.0.19 Provisions for sampling

107

7.1 TREATMENT PLANT STORAGE

107

7.1.1 Filter washwater tanks

107

7.1.2 Clearwell

108

7.1.3 Adjacent storage

108

7.1.4 Other treatment plant storage tanks

108

7.2 HYDROPNEUMATIC TANK SYSTEMS

108

7.2.1 Location

108

7.2.2 System sizing

108

7.2.3 Piping

109

7.2.4 Appurtenances

109

7.3 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM STORAGE

109

7.3.1 Pressures

109

7.3.2 Drainage

109

7.3.3 Level controls

109

PART 8 - DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PIPING AND APPURTENANCES

8.0 GENERAL

111

8.1 MATERIALS

111

8.1.1 Standards and material selection

111

8.1.2 Permeation by organic compounds

111

8.1.3 Used materials

111

8.1.4 Joints

111

8.2 SYSTEM DESIGN

112

8.2.1 Pressure

112

8.2.2 Diameter

112

8.2.3 Fire protection

112

8.2.4 Dead ends

112

8.3 VALVES

112

8.4 HYDRANTS

112

8.4.1 Location and spacing

112

8.4.2 Valves and nozzles

113

8.4.3 Hydrant leads

113

8.4.4 Hydrant drainage

113

8.5 AIR RELIEF VALVES

113

8.5.1 Air relief valves

113

8.5.2 Air relief valve piping

113

8.6 VALVE, METER AND BLOW-OFF CHAMBERS

113

8.7 INSTALLATION OF WATER MAINS

114

8.7.1 Standards

114

8.7.2 Bedding

114

8.7.3 Cover

114

8.7.4 Blocking

114

8.7.5 Pressure and leakage testing

114

8.7.6 Disinfection

114

8.7.7 External corrosion

114

8.8 SEPARATION DISTANCES FROM CONTAMINATION SOURCES

115

8.8.1 General

115

8.8.2 Parallel installation

115

8.8.3 Crossings

115

8.8.4 Exception

115

8.8.5 Force mains

116

8.8.6 Sewer manholes

116

8.8.7 Separation of water mains from other sources of contamination

116

8.9 SURFACE WATER CROSSINGS

116

8.9.1 Above-water crossings

116

8.9.2 Underwater crossings

116

8.10 CROSS-CONNECTIONS AND INTERCONNECTIONS

116

8.10.1 Cross-connections

116

8.10.2 Cooling water

117

8.10.3 Interconnections

117

8.11 WATER SERVICES AND PLUMBING

117

8.11.1 Plumbing

117

8.11.2 Booster pumps

117

8.12 SERVICE METERS

117

8.13 WATER LOADING STATIONS

117

PART 9 - WASTE RESIDUALS

9.0 GENERAL

119

9.1 SANITARY WASTE

119

9.2 BRINE WASTE

119

9.3 PRECIPITATIVE SOFTENING SLUDGE

119

9.4 ALUM SLUDGE

121

9.4.1 Lagoons

121

9.4.2 Mechanical dewatering

121

9.4.3 Land application

122

9.5 “RED WATER” WASTE

122

9.5.1 Sand filters

122

9.5.2 Lagoons

123

9.5.3 Discharge to community sanitary sewer

123

9.5.4 Recycling “red water” wastes

123

9.6 WASTE FILTER WASH WATER

124

9.7 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

124

FIGURE 1 - SUGGESTED FILLING DEVICE FOR WATER LOADING STATIONS

118

TABLE 1 - STEEL PIPE

31